How many known states are there for ethereum in 2018
FinTech can also be understood in two ways, as follows Tang, The first dimension is about traditional financial enterprise conducting transformation by using technology. For example, traditional financial enterprises, such as Pingan Group, Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, Morgan Stanley and Goldman Sachs, use big data and other new technologies to upgrade and transform their service.
The second dimension is that some technology enterprises try to take advantage of their technologies to develop financial services. But finally, they decided to develop their own versions of financial services to cover their customer's needs and create new forms of entrepreneurial finance landscape. FinTech has impacted the traditional financial industry. After the Credit Crisis of , the landscape of the financial sector has changed due to overall financial regulation and financial technology innovation Anagnostopoulos, ; Brem et al.
FinTech has three primary breakthrough directions. P2P lending is also considered as part of the smart contact category. The third one, which is particularly popular, is called the Blockchain. The main characteristics of these three major topics of the FinTech industry are instant contact, live data, credit ratings and updates. The reason why the financial industry is fascinated by Blockchain technology is that the characteristics of the Blockchain allow people to build trust faster and have the potential to change the financial infrastructure Pilkington, However, the development of Blockchain is not mature yet.
Some challenges have arisen, such as scalability, security, privacy, latency, etc. It is important for financial markets to have a better understanding of the Blockchain industry and find robust solutions. Therefore, this paper can demonstrate an overview of the Blockchain and its development in the financial industry and investigate challenges for their development of Industry 4. During the overview, critical challenges, as well as ethical issues about using Blockchain technology, were identified as well.
After the overview, a qualitative method based on sixteen interviews with experts in the Blockchain industry was conducted in order to have a good understanding of the industry. Information from experts was analyzed by the method of the Theory of Planned Behavior. Based on the analysis results and experts' recommendations, three important propositions were developed. Blockchain 2. Background Blockchain has become popular due to the rise of bitcoin. However, this technology is not limited to the financial area.
A Blockchain originally means blocks of cryptocurrencies linked by chains. This new concept has received significant attention in FinTech Mu, Each block, bound by cryptography, contains a cryptographic hash of the previous block, a timestamp, and transaction data.
The first Blockchain was conceptualized by Satoshi Nakamoto in , who used a Hash cash-like method to add blocks to the chain without a trusted third party Narayanan et al. Blockchain, a rapidly evolving financial technology, revolutionizes the way people are dealing with businesses Antonio and DiNizo, Blockchain attracts attention as an underlying technology for bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies Nguyen, since it is seen as a new foundation for transactions in the world Staples et al.
A Blockchain is a continuous account database, which is complete, distributed and unalterable Yoo, We received some questions on why this is so large compared to the somewhat equivalent or analogous metric in Bitcoin, the UTXO set size, the set of unspent Bitcoin outputs. The last block and the state head or UTXO set is all a node needs to assess the validity of an incoming block, in the case of Ethereum and Bitcoin respectively. Bitcoin Core supports pruning the blockchain, where a node can discard old blockchain data and only retain some very recent transactions plus the UTXO set.
This means that one can fully validate the entire Bitcoin blockchain and check the validity of new blocks, with well under 10GB of disk space. This is a pretty neat feature and represents a strong efficiency. For instance, 4. This efficiency does not seem to apply to Ethereum. It is fair to say that as far as we know, the Ethereum developers have not tried to make this more efficient, as there have been other priorities, but even if they did attempt this, they would be unlikely to achieve the efficiency savings that one can see in Bitcoin.
The state is computed from the transaction history and essentially contains: all Ethereum account balances, storage associated with every deployed Ethereum smart contract and account nonces. The state is updated and computed after each block, based on the previous state and the new transactions in the block. A merkle root hash of the state is included in each block header, ensuring consensus of the network state.
The state data continues to grow as Ethereum progresses and as mentioned above, the latest state is comparable in size to the blockchain itself. If a node was to store all the complete states, for every block, this would be a gigantic amount of data, perhaps significantly larger than even the 9TB archive node. An individual Ethereum transaction could have a very small impact on the state or a large impact on the state. At the same time, a transaction that fails because it runs out of gas, will also have a minimal impact on the state.
In contrast, other types of transactions, which may have a small data footprint on the blockchain themselves, could have a large impact on the state, for instance one transaction could interact with a smart contract which could change multiple account balances. This is the key difference between Bitcoin transactions and Ethereum transactions. Just by looking at an individual Bitcoin transaction you can tell the impact it has on the state of the Bitcoin network and you can see what is going on.
With Ethereum, you cannot necessarily do this, with Ethereum you can normally only know what a transaction does by also computing the state of the entire network. You may be thinking, ok so Ethereum works differently than Bitcoin, in that there is no clear link or relationship between the head state size and the number of transactions, but the same principles of pruning could still apply. Why can there not be part of the state that is old, unused or expired, that could be pruned and excluded from the head state?
Ethereum does not really work like that. When smart contracts are deployed, there is never really any mechanism to close or end the contract, it just continues to exist forever, even if it is no longer used. Any account can interact with any smart contract or any part of the state at any time. In order to validate a new block, a node must therefore have the latest state of all the smart contracts and the entire system.
Only limited pruning or efficiencies are therefore possible when it comes to reducing the size of the head state. The head state is therefore likley to continue to grow over time.
BITFINEX ETHEREUM ZERO
Transaction costs have gone through the roof because miners currently prioritise customers who are willing to pay the highest fees. This is a Layer 2 solution that effectively bunches transactions together before they are submitted to the main blockchain, helping to make the network more efficient.
Beyond that, blockchain developers and crypto enthusiasts will have to wait impatiently for the ETH 2. Part of the upgrade process, the new staking mechanism known as the Beacon Chain, is already up and running. The Merge will take place in the second quarter of , and ETH 2. This upgrade represents the official switch to PoS consensus , which eliminates the need for energy-intensive mining and instead secures the network using staked ether, promising more scalability, security and sustainability.
The Merge date has already been pushed back, because rushing this upgrade process would be something of a high-stakes move. Any technical hiccups could disrupt transactions worth billions of dollars and affect confidence in the whole network. And with the likes of PayPal CEO Dan Schulman forecasting that digital assets will play a bigger role in the financial infrastructure of the future, and Visa also beginning to make use of the Ethereum blockchain, there are naysayers who believe that ETH 2.
This could result in the project landing back at square one and having to go through the painful process of scaling up once again. With the Ethereum blockchain, developers have the ability to build decentralized apps dapps which makes it to be on high demand to developers hence growth in value of the currency. There are currently hundreds of dapps that are being developed every day that use the Ethereum blockchain. There are high chances that the demand of Ether will increase with time.
This may be due to the fact that its blockchain is used in the development of dapps or the fact that it may be an investment vehicle hence used as storage of value. Ether may overtake Bitcoin with time For many crypto enthusiasts, this may be hard to believe considering that Bitcoin is currently performing very well and has caused so much bubble in Being hard to believe may be justifiable depending on whether you choose to look at it on a short term or a long-term basis.
When it comes to a short term basis, Bitcoin takes the crown and hence investing in Bitcoin will have a higher return on investment as compared to Ether. That explains why Bitcoin has been aggressively been embraced by short term investors. Bitcoin has also been used longer than Bitcoin considering Bitcoin has been around from while Ether has been around from There is however chances that the market capitalization of Ethereum will overtake that of Bitcoin by the end of the year according to the CEO of Hedge fund Olaf Carlson.
That may lead to massive growth in the value of Ethereum. The chances of high market capitalization can be brought about by the evidence of Ether growing for up to 20 times in a period of 4 months as compared to Bitcoin that took a year and a half to grow for up to 8. Because of the reason of smart contracts and dapps, Bitcoin has lost a lot of its market share to Ethereum especially in the last four months.
Initially a large percent of the total amount of money invested in cryptocurrency went to Bitcoin. The fact that Ethereum uses the smart contract technology, it has spurred a lot of interest from corporates and financial institutions since it is more applicable when it comes to real world applications. This has led to a rise in interest in Ethereum which will lead to a growth in value of the currency and surpass the value of Bitcoin in the long-term considering that Bitcoin does not have the smart contract concept.
There are also new coalitions and alliances that will aid in the growth of Ethereum such as the Enterprise Ethereum Alliance EEA which is an alliance with several firms, up to 86 firms with the inclusion of JP Morgan and Microsoft. The kinds of firms that are backing Ethereum have an influence on the success of the currency since their endorsements are likely to go a long way. The future of Ethereum is not a walk in the park Ethereum just like Bitcoin will not have a smooth sail.
The fact that it will have increased number of users, its blockchain may become jammed up leading to scalability issues like the one that faced Bitcoin blockchain. With scalability issues it means that the transaction time will be longer and that may lead to a fork which may also affect the currency. With long transaction time it means that users will have to pay a higher transaction fee for their transactions to be prioritized.
That may lead to a drop in the number of users which will lead to a drop in the value of the currency. There is also a possibility that the technology behind Ether may be duplicated considering there are a lot of changes in the cryptocurrency space every day.
Just the same way different cryptocurrencies are formed every day is the same way different blockchain can be formed. The crypto-currency technology may still pose as a challenge because there are still some countries that have not embraced cryptocurrencies.
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