Between a rock and a hard place pdf
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It is only the availability of such protection schemes that can attract resourceful and sustainable investors. Without such an assurance, more fly by night providers can make their way threatening the very essence of the sector itself. Interviewee 05 Appreciative as they are towards the overall enabling policy direction, stakeholders, at the same time, aired serious concerns and fears when they were enquired about the factors which they think will affect the future of the PHE sector.
The results shown in Table 5 below indicate that a combination of internal and external factors account for the success or demise of the sector. Most of the interviewees Bahir Dar j educ. Fetene similarly indicated the challenges of planning in the long term due to government arbitrary policies and abrupt decisions that make the sector unstable and highly unpredictable.
The emphasis given to the government and PHEIs themselves is a clear indication that, in the eyes of stakeholders, the development of private higher education can only be facilitated with the collaborative of the government as a policy maker at the macro level and the private sector as provider of higher education at the micro level Jamshidi et al. Informed by the broader public goals of national development and progress Buckner, , policy direction as regards public and private provision of higher education in Ethiopia has given private higher education a new space for operation since the end of the s and a gradual and cautious public acceptance in Ethiopia.
This has contributed to the growth of the PHE by breaking the ideational opposition towards PHE which was outlawed by the previous socialist government in the country. Despite their reservation on the distance modality, study participants are positively disposed toward the role of the private higher education sector in the provision of higher education. Stakeholders also indicated in strong terms their preference for the provision of legal protection to the sector and the need for facilitating the working conditions for PHEIs.
However, the dissonance between positive policy directions and poor implementation were also noted especially as regards government interference and arbitrary decisions which have been identified as impending factors toward the promotion of private higher education which calls for strategic interventions and improvements in the area. The findings of the study further indicate that the performance of the private sector can be affected by factors such as excessive tuition- dependence and commercial interest, sudden government actions, minimal government support and limited capacity of PHEIs.
This is despite the fact that there are a limited number of PHEIs which perform much better than the public sector and whose performance can be emulated. Fetene Conclusion and Implications The findings of this study hold wider implications and call for fundamental improvements in areas where deficiencies and gaps have been noted. Despite the overall positive feeling about the promotion of PHE as a complimentary sector to the public dominated system, the findings of the study suggest that exclusive reliance on tuition, excessive profit orientations, and the illicit behavior of private providers as factors that could seriously jeopardize current views toward PHEIs and their future.
Indeed, the sector cannot achieve the status of a respectable partner in the national higher education system in the absence of meeting the various expectations set by stakeholders, government and the society at large. In fact, it appears that the limitation of the PHE sector in providing quality education and becoming a strong contender to the public sector is an ambition that cannot be fulfilled easily unless significant changes are witnessed in enlisting government support to the sector and in mitigating the excessive business orientations of PHEIs.
It can be anticipated that PHE will continue to be a complementary component of the Ethiopian higher education sector that has already become a two-sector phenomenon. On the basis of the findings reported, it can be suggested that the sector should be allowed to thrive with all the proper monitoring and assistance required on the part of the government. A move toward this direction may not be beneficial only to those who invest in the sector anew but also for policy makers who should continue to capitalize on the strength of the sector, incentivize it and create the necessary system of accountability against various forms of illegal operation.
Individual PHEIs should also recognize the need for productive regulation and self-discipline that is beneficial to the system as a whole and to their own legitimacy and future. Towards this end, it can be suggested that public policy need not be marginal to private sector development at a time when the sector is steadily becoming a crucial part of the overall national higher education system Levy, ; Tamrat, PHEIs should equally seek ways of strengthening their existing contributions and capacities to garner the required acceptance and legitimacy from the government and society at large by upholding the rule of law in all their operations and improving their legitimacy Despite its limitation in terms of the number and type of stakeholders involved, this study provides a rare empirical evidence as regards how the role of PHEIs is viewed by key internal and external stakeholders.
The insights drawn from the findings of the study hopefully add to the meagre research in the area while also suggesting the need for regarding private higher education as one priority area in setting higher education policy directions and more importantly as part of a system that needs closer monitoring and Bahir Dar j educ. References Abebe, R. Expanding quality assurance in Ethiopian higher education.
Working Papers in Higher Education Studies 1 2 : 20— Altbach, P. The private sector in Asian higher education. In Private Higher Education pp. Brill Sense. Global perspectives on higher education. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Reisberg, and L. Rumbley, eds. Trends in global higher education: Tracking an academic revolution. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers. Asiyai, R. International Journal of higher education, 4 1 , Bennett, D. Bernasconi, A.
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New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Creswell, J. Thousand Oaks: Sage Creswell, J. Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage publications. Investment Proclamation Bahir Dar j educ. Fetene No. Addis Ababa. Higher Education Proclamation No. Addis baba Fereday, J. Demonstrating rigor using thematic analysis: A hybrid approach of inductive and deductive coding and theme development.
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Varghese Eds. Public policy for private higher education: A global analysis. Fetene Levy, D. The decline of private higher education. Higher Education Policy 25— Marginson, S. Addis Ababa: MoE. Mitchell, R. Toward a theory of stakeholder identification and salience: Defining the principle of who and what really counts.
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Public attitude to private colleges in Ethiopia: An Exploratory Survey. Addis Ababa: St. Shah, M. A global perspective on private higher education. Chandos publishing. Slantcheva, S. The private universities of Bulgaria. Brill Sense Slantcheva, S. Introduction private higher education in post- communist Europe: in search of legitimacy. In Private higher education in Post- Communist Europe pp. Conceptual strategy map implementation for higher education institution.
In The 8th international scientific conference Business and Management selected papers, Vilnius: Technika pp. Tadesse, T. Quality assurance in Ethiopian higher education: Boon or bandwagon in light of quality improvement? Journal of Higher Education in Africa 12 2 ,— Tamrat, W. The anatomy of private higher education institutions in Ethiopia. Mary's University Press Tamrat, W. The scourge of unscrupulous private HE institutions.
University World News. None of us wants to be the last one killed in it. Yet a leaked US document shows that it is Damascus that has been the most conciliatory in talks, while Tel Aviv, for example, will use the word 'redeploy' instead of'withdraw', and states that the 'redeployment' will exclude civilians. Lebanese politicians have also suggested that Damascus is prepared, despite its public stance that withdrawal to the June borderline is non-negotiable, to allow for 'adjustment' to facilitate a deal.
Sources in Damascus, Beirut and Tel Aviv all concur that a 'full' withdrawal is still likely by the autumn. Nawaf Salam said that Clinton 'will have a grand signing ceremony and win the Nobel prize'. According to a rising young Russian journalist, there's nothing to choose between him and the rest: they're all villains he most significant aspect of the recent elections to the Russian T Duma is that there was no choice.
It will be the same in the Downloaded from ioc. You can't vote with a clear conscience for any of our politicians since all have proved themselves to be unprincipled in one way or another. The choice in the Duma elections was between the OVR, a monstrous grouping of functionaries, bureaucrats and criminals presided over by Yury Luzhkov, mayor of Moscow, and his recently acquired comrade-in-arms, former prime minister Yevgeny Primakov.
Virtually indistinguishable from it, only pro- Kremlin, was the Unity or 'Bear' Party behind Putin, Then there was Grigory Yavlinsky, whose much vaunted integrity impelled him to berate the wholly harmless Yeltsin while giving the much more dangerous Luzhkov a gentle slap on the wrist; and a coalition of right- wing forces targetting the 'middle class' and 'fashionable young people', at best the most criminal, at worst the most parasitical segments of Russian society.
There was no party representing the average member of the intelligentsia, not a single serious defender of Russia's workers, no one not sullied by alliances with the criminal world or tactical compromises with opponents. Not one principled politician. The divide in Russian society is not between supporters of Primakov and supporters of Putin, but between those mainly concerned for their reputation and questionable moral purity, and those who proclaim their commitment to the future of Russia in the new century, itself no more compatible with moral purity.
Russia is faced with a choice: not between filth and purity, but between two kinds of filth; not between dictatorship and freedom, but between two kinds of authoritarianism. The opposition of OVR and Kremlin is spurious if for no other reason than that the functionaries and bureaucrats have little moral right to criticise Yeltsin and the so-called 'Family': everything that has gone on in Russia in recent years has been done by these people acting in collusion.
The rampant corruption in Moscow rules out taking Luzhkov's criticism of the Kremlin at all seriously, something that was glaringly obvious long before the scandal of the Bank of New York broke. For anybody who has stayed even a month in Moscow and watched the broadcasts emanating from Luzhkov's TV Centre, it has been no less glaringly obvious that his sole reason for deciding to stand for the presidency was that he fell for the immoderate flattery coming, in accordance with Soviet traditions, from among his retinue.
And whose head wouldn't be turned by such a torrent of praise? In Pravda in , Stalin rated between nine and 12 mentions per issue; in Vechernyaya Downloaded from ioc. The Kremlin's last chance card for trumping the Luzhkov-Primakov alliance was a bloc of young bully-boys, careerists and fanatics originating, like Primakov himself, in the depths of Russia's intelligence services. Putin has no merits as a candidate for the presidency other than being prepared to go to any lengths and possessing exceptional physical stamina.
Yet the fact that he is relatively young, energetic, mobile to the point of ubiquity and capable of coherent speech, raised Russian hopes. Throwing their own dubious trump cards into the game, Luzhkov and Primakov accused Putin of being in the financier Berezovsky's pocket. In the view of OVR, anybody enjoying even the slightest success in opposing Luzhkov and Primakov is in Berezovsky's pocket. They also alleged that he was not without involvement in the blowing up of apartment blocks in Moscow - as yet an unsolved crime.
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Between A Rock And A Hard Place
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In the U. When we considered team prototypicality, only prototypical authentic managers expressed voice, independent from their organizational identification. Instead, for authentic but non-prototypical managers, we found only a supplementary effect.
Organizations can help managers to develop their authentic leadership by providing training focused on self-awareness and regulation. More precisely, focusing on self-awareness would include a the use of introspective self-reflection to understand how managers derive the meaning of the world around themselves, and b making such self-schemas explicit.
Similarly, a focus on self-regulation would imply a the setting of internal standards and rules of conduct, which can be existing standards or newly formulated ones, b the evaluation of discrepancies between these standards and actual or potential outcomes, and c the identification of intended actions for resolving these discrepancies Gardner et al. Those organizations that may not want to rely on such internal growth processes may take action to create contextual conditions that foster voice.
For example, organizations can try to make managers feel as valuable members by actually empowering them through higher autonomy and decision latitude, or by adopting top-down participative approaches to everyday operations, as it occurs in many German organizations. Note that while prototypical leaders are granted some leeway to not always act in the group's interest which might include prohibitive voice , other research pointed at the threat of too much similarity among leaders and followers e.
Future research may examine the strength of the respective underlying processes 35 and their dominance in particular settings. Our work is not without limitations. Our study only explored drivers of managerial voice in two western cultures, and could not generalize across countries.
Future studies might aim to replicate our work in a larger cross-cultural sample, including Eastern European, African, or Latin-American countries. Exploring how organizational identification and team prototypicality are affected by cultural values e. Our results show the relevance of self-related motives for managerial voice. A self- congruent expression within a leadership role is a significant predictor of voice, but other motives such as identification are necessary when authentic leadership is not present.
Our results enrich the knowledge on why managers express their views despite the difficulties arising from this kind of behavior, a topic that is also present in recent public scandals e. Our results might drive future research extending the scope of theories explaining voice and silence towards an integration of self-relevant theories into an overarching motivational framework of voice. Finally, our results generalize across two central western countries and identify potential cultural specifics that might be worth examining in more detail in the future.
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National Cluster. Contract Type. Span of control Exit 1. Voice 3. Loyalty 1. Neglect 1. Model and Hypotheses 49 Figure 2. Three-way Interactive Effect of Authentic Leadership, Organizational Identification and Leader Prototypicality over Prohibitive Voice Study 2 53 Appendix 1 Survey Scenario The scenario described a situation in which a leader had to decide between speaking up about a problem or remaining silent. In the long run, it could even harm customers or the reputation of your organization.
Objectives of the Study This study was conducted to gauge the opinion of parents, students, faculty, and employers in the provision of private higher education in Ethiopia. Organizations are mindful of the views, interests, and needs of their stakeholders while setting and trying to realize their objectives. Within the wider literature, stakeholders are identified as groups or individuals who are influenced by the success or failure of an organization Freeman et al.
Paraphrasing Freeman , Asiyai considers stakeholders as any group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of a given organization. Different scholars e. While Asiyai groups stakeholders into internal and external, Freeman et al. For Freeman et al, primary stakeholders are those who are directly affected by organizational performance, beneficiaries of activities performed by the organization and can have a direct impact on the success of the organization.
Looked at this way, the perspectives of stakeholders could be indicative of prevalent strengths, areas of improvement and the needed directions a given sector may take by informing public authorities and prompting policy decisions. Perspectives toward PHEIs are often affected by their profile. Elite PHEIs are often positively viewed and grow in contexts where the private sector is considered to be superior to the public sector in terms of quality, status, job prospects and political order Levy, With the exception of the US, elite institutions are either non-existent or limited in most parts of the world.
While some of these institutions carry the mantra of semi elite status, the majority of them are considered to be of dubious nature Altbach et al. In general, the great majority of private institutions, especially the demand- absorbing ones, are considered to be relying too much on tuition and fees; narrowly concentrating on market oriented and inexpensive fields of studies; having low academic quality; unselective in their admission of students often accepting those who are inferior in preparation and performance ; reliant on part time staff; lacking the needed infrastructure and facilities; and not having well-established research culture Altbach, ; Bernasconi, ; Giescke, ; Levy, , Fetene In countries where centralized planning has been the norm or where standardized missions and practices of institutions form traditional realities ascribed to public institutions, the immediate acceptance of PHEIs has been highly constrained Levy, In situations where the public norm with regard to education has been linked with secularism based on service to broad national public interests Slantcheva, , the profit motive of PHEIs has been difficult to endorse.
Often associated with business, the very idea of private can be suspect and can even be regarded as an intrusion into higher education Kinser, ; Levy, Perception towards PHEIs can also be influenced by the particular prohibitive or supportive public policy or what the government does in leveling the playing field for both private and public providers of higher education Jamshidi et al. Rogue providers with excessive profit motive, myopic visions and illegal behavior can also affect the way PHEIs are perceived.
What is more, institutional practices and the social and academic legitimacy that such institutions seek from their stakeholders can have negative or positive implications Giesecke, ; Nicolescu, Although the views toward private institutions are often influenced by their nature and institutional features, there are counter- arguments about the deficiency of forming opinions as such. This view assumes that, in order to fully understand the publicness of an institution, its organizational outputs and outcomes, as well as resource publicness will have to be examined Lee, On the basis of this assumption, it is argued that since graduates from both types of institution similarly contribute to strengthening the human and economic capital of a given society, public as well as private higher education institutions should be equally regarded Jameshidi et al..
Marginson notes, The outcomes of higher education institutions serve a public purpose in various ways. First, these organizations contribute to the economic development of the community through enhancing human capital of students, because the benefits of the instructional services are not limited to the students. Second, higher education institutions serve the public by producing research. Third, these institutions directly serve their local, regional, national and global communities through various community engagement activities.
Fetene Method Design The study followed a mixed method design employing concurrent procedures in which qualitative and quantitative data were gathered simultaneously. Instruments Data for this study were drawn from four primary stakeholder groups: students, faculty members, parents and employers of graduates in five purposively chosen private institutions: Admas University, Omega Health College, HiLCoE- School of Computer Science and Technology, St.
Data were gathered through survey questionnaire, in-depth interviews and documentary analysis. While purposively selecting these colleges, primarily we wanted to cover a range of field of studies they focus on e. The fact that these colleges were pioneers in their focus areas was also considered as an additional reason for choosing them as our study samples. Using proportional random sampling technique, a total of survey questionnaires were sent to the institutions to be distributed among 30 final year students, their 30 parents, 25 faculty members, and 15 employers at each private institution.
The sample numbers were determined in consultation with institutional leaders of the sample institutions who suggested the figures based on the availability of final year students, faculty size and the employers with whom they have very close contact.
This comprised students, 50 faculty members, 90 parents and 54 employers. Respondents were asked to rate statements given in the questionnaire using a five point Likert scale that ranged from 1 strongly disagree to 5 strongly disagree. These were finally reduced to three scales disagree, neutral, agree to facilitate the presentation and discussion of data.
In-depth interviews were held with seven volunteer academic leaders serving in the five PHEIs that participated in the study. A semi- structured interview schedule was developed for the purpose and was administered to each of the seven institutional leaders. The checklist comprised key issues related to the major objectives of the Bahir Dar j educ. Fetene study. Each interview lasted 50 to 60 minutes.
With the consent of the respondents, the interviews were tape-recorded and later fully transcribed. Interviewees were assured that their anonymity would be maintained. Relevant documentary evidences were also gathered from written sources such as policies, proclamations, education statistical abstracts, sectoral plans and publications of the Higher Education Quality and Relevance Agency HERQA.
Data analysis The numerical data gathered through the survey questionnaire were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean score and standard deviation. On the other hand, the data interpretation and analysis of qualitative data followed thematic analysis Bowen, Results The presentation and discussion of findings from the different data sources have been guided by the three objectives of the study.
Altogether, respondents participated in responding to the survey. Stakeholders are in one way or another attached to students who attend their education at private institutions. Sixty-eight percent of the respondents pay for a relative studying at a PHEI. This indicates that the external stakeholders appear to have a very good Bahir Dar j educ. Fetene knowledge of the private higher education sector perhaps implying the reliability of their observations.
Exploration was made about the particular importance of private higher education in terms of creating access, serving as models of entrepreneurial culture and whether investment in this sector should be encouraged. As can be seen in Table1, this is evidenced through a mean rating of more than 2.
Positive ratings are also observed about the entrepreneurial culture of PHEIs which was rated between the mean scores of 2. Similar observations were made by interviewees: The establishment of private higher education institutions has provided additional opportunities for students who would not have enjoyed such opportunities had educational provisions were exclusively provided by public institutions. This is a unique opportunity compared to the past Interviewee As a follow up to their initial observations, respondents were further asked about the preferred modalities in which PHEIs should continue to operate.
Choices were given among regular, continuing and distance education which are identified as the major modes of training in the Ethiopian higher education sector FDRE, National data indicate that although regular and evening classes are popular modalities offered by the vast majority of PHEIs, distance education remains the only area where the private sector continues to excel the public sector in terms of student size MoE, This has been attributed to the fact that PHEIs have been running programs in this modality for many years and the flexibility they exercise in expanding their programs across different localities Tamrat, The same observation is documented in the recently developed Education Road Map of Ethiopia where this mode of provision was vilified as the weakest MoE, The comparison with public universities was deliberate as the public sector is often used as a benchmark for assessing the effectiveness of PHEIs in the wider literature e.
It is worth noting that Ethiopian PHEIs exhibit significant differences with public institutions and among themselves. Previous research has shown that the institutional array among the PHE sector which is dominated by demand absorbing institutions ranges Bahir Dar j educ. Fetene from those that accommodate a limited number of students to those that enroll tens of thousands of students Tamrat, Although there are very few institutions that exhibit a research focus, the majority function as teaching institutions with little or no involvement in knowledge generation Tamrat, , The only group that had a high level of disagreement as regards the capacity limitations of PHEIs were students.
When it comes to particular questions related to institutional performance, instructors and students appear to hold defensive positions that are not difficult to understand. An interviewee comments, Most of the private institutions are small in size and lack a huge set of resources that the public sector can take advantage of. This is in most cases the reason for the capacity limitations observed between the two sectors.
This does not necessarily mean that there are no private institutions that outperform the public sector. In fact, there are few private providers that have won a high level of credibility among the public as compared to and even better than public institutions, but they remain very few in number Interviewee Some of the interviewees intimated that quality education is an institutional issue and cannot be sectoral.
A few argue that in a situation where there is no system of measuring the competencies of graduates from public and private providers, associating poor quality education exclusively to PHEIs is stereotypical and misguided. Others note that educational quality has been deteriorating in the country owing to the aggressive expansion of higher education and, if at all responsibility is to be apportioned, public as well as private providers are equally to blame.
Stakeholders were first asked if they think existing government regulations on private institutions were too lax, to which most agreed as can be seen in Table 4 below. These views appear to be indicative of a ubiquitous concern about a private sector solely left to market forces and suggest the need for a large degree of central coordination by the government. Fetene Critiquing government directives, interviewees also accuse government owned and, to some degree, private media of damaging the credibility of private providers.
A private newspaper has recently published a list of private providers that have been given warning from concerned bodies. This is illegal and unethical. Who would dare to study in institutions that have been given warnings? Almost all stakeholders indicated a strong feeling about government not treating private and public institutions on equal basis.
This is evident in the rating given by stakeholders about the need for levelling the playing field ranging from a mean of 2. As an example, interviewees pointed out the practice of accreditation which should be met by all private providers but not applicable to public providers. This is despite the availability of a legislative provision to the contrary. It has opened a number of postgraduate programs across its various colleges and it is planning to offer training to thousands of students in the evening programs.
I know the University has been struggling to run its regular programs due to lack of staff shortage, lack of adequate facilities such as laboratories and libraries. Has it employed new faculty for the evening program? Has it opened new libraries? This is a stark example of double standard. Encouragingly, a couple of the informants were found to be quite optimistic about the future despite the various forms of government interventions they are not happy about.
One interviewee noted, As long as private higher education institutions can provide quality education, there is no reason why the government would not make the environment more Bahir Dar j educ. Fetene enabling and help create positive views toward these providers. All respondents expressed their agreement at the highest level extending from a mean score of 2. Interviewees were also found to be positive about this suggested policy direction indicating their conviction about the role of an enabling policy environment in enhancing the growth of PHEIs: The private higher education sector needs to be protected like any other form of investment.
It is only the availability of such protection schemes that can attract resourceful and sustainable investors. Without such an assurance, more fly by night providers can make their way threatening the very essence of the sector itself. Interviewee 05 Appreciative as they are towards the overall enabling policy direction, stakeholders, at the same time, aired serious concerns and fears when they were enquired about the factors which they think will affect the future of the PHE sector.
The results shown in Table 5 below indicate that a combination of internal and external factors account for the success or demise of the sector. Most of the interviewees Bahir Dar j educ. Fetene similarly indicated the challenges of planning in the long term due to government arbitrary policies and abrupt decisions that make the sector unstable and highly unpredictable.
The emphasis given to the government and PHEIs themselves is a clear indication that, in the eyes of stakeholders, the development of private higher education can only be facilitated with the collaborative of the government as a policy maker at the macro level and the private sector as provider of higher education at the micro level Jamshidi et al. Informed by the broader public goals of national development and progress Buckner, , policy direction as regards public and private provision of higher education in Ethiopia has given private higher education a new space for operation since the end of the s and a gradual and cautious public acceptance in Ethiopia.
This has contributed to the growth of the PHE by breaking the ideational opposition towards PHE which was outlawed by the previous socialist government in the country. Despite their reservation on the distance modality, study participants are positively disposed toward the role of the private higher education sector in the provision of higher education.
Stakeholders also indicated in strong terms their preference for the provision of legal protection to the sector and the need for facilitating the working conditions for PHEIs. However, the dissonance between positive policy directions and poor implementation were also noted especially as regards government interference and arbitrary decisions which have been identified as impending factors toward the promotion of private higher education which calls for strategic interventions and improvements in the area.
The findings of the study further indicate that the performance of the private sector can be affected by factors such as excessive tuition- dependence and commercial interest, sudden government actions, minimal government support and limited capacity of PHEIs.
This is despite the fact that there are a limited number of PHEIs which perform much better than the public sector and whose performance can be emulated. Fetene Conclusion and Implications The findings of this study hold wider implications and call for fundamental improvements in areas where deficiencies and gaps have been noted.
Despite the overall positive feeling about the promotion of PHE as a complimentary sector to the public dominated system, the findings of the study suggest that exclusive reliance on tuition, excessive profit orientations, and the illicit behavior of private providers as factors that could seriously jeopardize current views toward PHEIs and their future. Indeed, the sector cannot achieve the status of a respectable partner in the national higher education system in the absence of meeting the various expectations set by stakeholders, government and the society at large.
In fact, it appears that the limitation of the PHE sector in providing quality education and becoming a strong contender to the public sector is an ambition that cannot be fulfilled easily unless significant changes are witnessed in enlisting government support to the sector and in mitigating the excessive business orientations of PHEIs.
It can be anticipated that PHE will continue to be a complementary component of the Ethiopian higher education sector that has already become a two-sector phenomenon. On the basis of the findings reported, it can be suggested that the sector should be allowed to thrive with all the proper monitoring and assistance required on the part of the government.
A move toward this direction may not be beneficial only to those who invest in the sector anew but also for policy makers who should continue to capitalize on the strength of the sector, incentivize it and create the necessary system of accountability against various forms of illegal operation. Individual PHEIs should also recognize the need for productive regulation and self-discipline that is beneficial to the system as a whole and to their own legitimacy and future.
Towards this end, it can be suggested that public policy need not be marginal to private sector development at a time when the sector is steadily becoming a crucial part of the overall national higher education system Levy, ; Tamrat, PHEIs should equally seek ways of strengthening their existing contributions and capacities to garner the required acceptance and legitimacy from the government and society at large by upholding the rule of law in all their operations and improving their legitimacy Despite its limitation in terms of the number and type of stakeholders involved, this study provides a rare empirical evidence as regards how the role of PHEIs is viewed by key internal and external stakeholders.
The insights drawn from the findings of the study hopefully add to the meagre research in the area while also suggesting the need for regarding private higher education as one priority area in setting higher education policy directions and more importantly as part of a system that needs closer monitoring and Bahir Dar j educ. References Abebe, R. Expanding quality assurance in Ethiopian higher education. Working Papers in Higher Education Studies 1 2 : 20— Altbach, P. The private sector in Asian higher education.
In Private Higher Education pp. Brill Sense. Global perspectives on higher education. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Reisberg, and L. Rumbley, eds. Trends in global higher education: Tracking an academic revolution. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers. Asiyai, R. International Journal of higher education, 4 1 , Bennett, D. Bernasconi, A. Private Higher Education, Qualitative research for education: An introduction to theory and methods 5th ed.
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